The number of different electronic cigarette devices sold in the U.S. has nearly tripled to over 9,000 since 2020, driven almost entirely by a wave of unauthorized disposable vapes from China, according to tightly controlled sales data obtained by The Associated Press.
The surge stands in stark contrast to regulators’ own figures, which tout the rejection of some 99% of company requests to sell new e-cigarettes while authorizing only a few meant for adult smokers.
The numbers demonstrate the Food and Drug Administration’s inability to control the tumultuous vaping market more than three years after declaring a crackdown on kid-friendly flavors. Most of the disposable e-cigarettes, which are thrown away after they’re used up, come in sweet and fruity flavors like pink lemonade, gummy bear and watermelon that have made them the favorite tobacco product among teenagers.
They are all technically illegal, but their influx has turned FDA’s regulatory model on its head. Instead of carefully reviewing individual products that might help adult smokers, regulators must now somehow claw back thousands of illegal products sold by under-the-radar importers and distributors.
Most disposables mirror a few major brands, such as Elf Bar or Puff Bar, but hundreds of new varieties appear each month. Companies copy each other’s designs, blurring the line between the real and counterfeit. Entrepreneurs can launch a new product by simply sending their logo and flavor requests to Chinese manufacturers, who promise to deliver tens of thousands of devices within weeks.
Once a niche market, cheaper disposables made up 40% of the roughly $7 billion retail market for e-cigarettes last year, according to data from analytics firm IRI obtained by the AP. The company’s proprietary data collects barcode scanner sales from convenience stores, gas stations and other retailers.
More than 5,800 unique disposable products are now being sold in numerous flavors and formulations, according to the data, up 1,500% from 365 in early 2020. That’s when the FDA effectively banned all flavors except menthol and tobacco from cartridge-based e-cigarettes like Juul, the rechargeable device blamed for sparking a nationwide surge in underage vaping.
But the FDA’s policy — formulated under President Donald Trump — excluded disposables, prompting many teens to simply switch from Juul to the newer flavored products.
“The FDA moves at a ponderous pace and the industry knows that and exploits it,” said Dr. Robert Jackler of Stanford University, who has studied the rise of disposables. “Time and again, the vaping industry has innovated around efforts to remove its youth-appealing products from the market.”
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Adding to the challenge, foreign manufacturers of the prefilled devices don't have to register with FDA, giving regulators little visibility into a sprawling industry centered in China’s Shenzhen manufacturing center.
Under pressure from politicians, parents and major vaping companies, the FDA recently sent warning letters to more than 200 stores selling popular disposables, including Elf Bar, Esco Bar and Breeze. The agency also issued orders blocking imports of those three brands. But IRI data shows those companies accounted for just 14% of disposable sales last year. Dozens of other brands, including Air Bar, Mr. Fog, Fume and Kangvape, have been left untouched.
FDA's tobacco director, Brian King, said the agency is “unwavering" in its commitment against illegal e-cigarettes.
“I don’t think there’s any panacea here,” King said. “We follow a comprehensive approach and that involves addressing all entities across the supply chain, from manufacturers to importers to distributors to retailers.”
The IRI data obtained by the AP provides key insights beyond figures released last week by government researchers, which showed the number of vaping brands in the U.S. grew nearly 50% to 269 by late 2022.
IRI restricts access to its data, which it sells to companies, investment firms and researchers. A person not authorized to share it gave access to the AP on condition of anonymity. The company declined to comment on or confirm the data, saying IRI doesn't offer such information to news organizations.
To be sure, the FDA has made progress in a mammoth task: processing nearly 26 million product applications submitted by manufacturers hoping to enter or stay on the market. And King said the agency hopes to get back to "true premarket review” once it finishes plowing through that mountain of applications.
But in the meantime disposable vape makers have exploited two loopholes in FDA's oversight, only one of which has been closed.
FDA’s authority originally only referenced products using nicotine from tobacco plants. In 2021, Puff Bar and other disposable companies switched to using laboratory-made nicotine.
Congress closed that loophole last year, but the action gave rise to another backlog of FDA applications for synthetic nicotine products. Under the law, FDA was supposed to promptly make decisions on those applications. The agency has let most stay on the market while numerous others launch illegally.
An earlier loophole came from a decision by Trump’s White House, which was made without the FDA’s input, according to the previous director of the agency’s tobacco program.
“It was preventable,” said Mitch Zeller, who retired from the FDA last year. “But I was told there was no appeal.”
In September 2019, Trump announced at a news conference a plan to ban non-tobacco flavors from all e-cigarettes — both reloadable devices and disposables. But political advisers to the president worried that could alienate voters.
Zeller said he was subsequently informed by phone in December 2019 that the flavor restrictions wouldn’t apply to disposables.
“I told them: ‘It doesn’t take a crystal ball to predict that kids will migrate to the disposable products that are unaffected by this, and you ultimately won’t solve the problem,'” Zeller said.
Juul's' fall and the flood of disposables
In retrospect, the government’s crackdown on Juul now seems relatively simple.
In September 2018, FDA officials declared teen vaping an “epidemic,” pointing to rising use of Juul, Reynolds American’s Vuse and other brands.
Within weeks, FDA investigators conducted an unannounced inspection of Juul’s headquarters. Congressional committees launched investigations, collecting hundreds of thousands of company documents.
By October 2019, Juul had dropped most of its flavors and discontinued all advertising.
“In a way, we had it good back then, but no one knew,” said Dorian Fuhrman, co-founder of Parents Against Vaping E-cigarettes.
Parents, health groups and major vaping companies essentially agree: The FDA must clear the market of flavored disposables.
But lobbying by tobacco giant Reynolds American, maker of the best-selling Vuse e-cigarette, has made some advocates hesitant about pushing the issue.
Reynolds and Juul have seen sales flatline amid the surge in disposables, according to the IRI data. Disposable e-cigarettes generated $2.74 billion last year.
The economic barriers to entry are low: Chinese manufacturers offer dozens of designs and flavors for as little as $2 per device when ordering 10,000 or more. The devices sell in the U.S. for $10 to $30.
“If you have $5 billion you probably can’t start a traditional cigarette company,” Jackler said. “But if you have $50,000 dollars you can just send your artwork and logo to one of these companies and it will be on a pallet next week.”
Esco Bars comes in flavors like Bubbleberry, Citrus Circus, Bahama Mama and Berry Snow.
The Austin, Texas company behind the brand, Pastel Cartel, racked up more than $240 million in disposable sales before the FDA blocked its Chinese imports last month.
CEO Darrell Surriff says his company has gone to great lengths to comply with FDA, spending $8 million on an application that the agency refused to accept. He’s appealing that decision and considering challenges to the import ban.
“We’re a company that does very positive things for society and the community, and the government just attacked us,” said Surriff, who added that he recently purchased new cars for several longtime employees.
Import alerts are one of the FDA's strongest tools to block illegal products, but industry experts say they're easy to skirt.
“Chinese companies tend to just rename their products and change their shipping address so then the products can easily be marketed again,” said Marc Scheineson, a former FDA attorney who now consults for tobacco clients.
The FDA’s import ban against Chinese manufacturer Elf Bar, the best-selling disposable in the U.S., demonstrates the weaknesses of the whack-a-mole approach. The alert doesn't mention several other brands made by the company, including Lost Mary and Funky Republic.
Made by iMiracle Shenzhen, Elf Bar alone has generated nearly $400 million in U.S. sales since late 2021, the IRI data shows.
The company called the FDA’s import ban “capricious” in a statement last month, adding that it “was given no opportunity to address any FDA concerns.” Company representatives did not respond to the AP's interview requests.
National retail chains tend to avoid stocking disposables. But new distribution networks have sprung up, according to those in the industry. A wholesaler will import a shipping container of disposables and then sell the contents to smaller distributors, who then sell the products to local stores out of vans or trucks.
Outdated and unfinished rules
The 2009 law that gave FDA authority over the tobacco industry was focused on cigarettes and other traditional products made by a handful of huge U.S. companies.
The aim was to subject tobacco manufacturing and ingredients to the same kind of scrutiny and inspections as foods and medical supplies. Today’s vaping manufacturers, based almost exclusively in China, weren’t part of the discussion.
Fourteen years later, the FDA hasn't finalized manufacturing rules that would extend its authority to foreign vaping factories. In fact, regulators only released a draft regulation in March.
“FDA theoretically has the authority to inspect foreign manufacturing facilities,” said Patricia Kovacevic, an attorney specializing in tobacco regulation. “But practically speaking, the inspection program that the FDA has in place only happens in the U.S.”
Of more than 500 tobacco-related inspections conducted since FDA gained authority over e-cigarettes, only two were in China, according to the agency's public database. Those two inspections took place at Shenzhen factories used by major U.S. vaping firms, which have filed FDA applications for their products.
Currently, those applications are essentially the only way that FDA learns exactly where and how e-cigarettes are produced. Many disposables have simply skipped the process altogether.
The FDA itself recognizes the problem, stating in its proposed guidelines: “Covering foreign manufacturers is necessary to assure the protection of the public health," and noting “numerous reports of battery fires and explosions,” with Chinese e-cigarettes.
The agency has been playing catch-up on the vaping issue for over a decade.
The FDA announced plans to start regulating the products in 2011, and it took regulators another five years to finalize rules.
Once implemented in August 2016, no new e-cigarettes were supposed to enter the U.S. and companies on the market had to submit applications for review by September 2020. Only products that could help smokers — by reducing cigarette exposure — while not appealing to youngsters were supposed to win authorization.
With limited resources, the FDA used “discretion” to delay decisions on many applications, allowing products — including major brands like Vuse — to stay on the market for years,
The backlog now includes thousands more e-cigarettes using synthetic nicotine. To date the FDA has only authorized about two dozen e-cigarettes from three manufacturers. None are disposables.
“Any product that doesn’t have authorization is on the market illegally,” King says.
Industry representatives say FDA’s refusal to approve more options has forced it into an untenable position.
“When an agency declares that everything on the market is illegal, it puts itself in the position of being completely unable to enforce its own regulations,” said Tony Abboud, of the Vaping Technology Association.
Split views on a solution
Even with broad agreement that flavored disposables are a problem, there’s little consensus on the solution.
In February, Reynolds petitioned the FDA to begin subjecting disposables to the same flavor restrictions as Vuse and other older products. Three weeks later, legislation that would have the same effect appeared in the U.S. House. (A Reynolds spokesman said the company did not lobby for the bill's introduction.)
Anti-vaping groups note that the company’s Vuse, still available in menthol, was the second most popular e-cigarette among teens last year.
“They want groups like ours to call for a ban on all Chinese vapes so that they can take over the market,” said Fuhrman, of Parents Against Vaping E-cigarettes. “We’re not calling for that. We’re calling on the FDA to do its job.”
Indeed, FDA's King says the agency already has ample authority to regulate disposables.
“There’s no loophole to close,” King said, pointing out that FDA has recently shifted its focus to target disposable manufacturers.
But that assertion has stoked frustration about why the agency hasn’t been more aggressive in using the legal tools it has available, including fines and court orders. Former agency officials note that some legal actions require cooperation from other agencies, including the Justice Department.
If there’s less urgency around underage vaping than a few years ago that’s likely because government data suggests an improving picture.
Since 2019, the government’s annual survey has shown two big drops in vaping among middle and high school students, and FDA officials no longer describe the issue as an “epidemic.”
Educators say vaping is still a big problem.
At Mountain Range High School near Denver, art teacher Kyle Wimmer says about 20% of his students report regularly vaping when he polls them using the classroom’s anonymous computer system.
“Esco Bars and Elf Bars are absolutely taking over right now,” he said.
Last school year, Wimmer collected 150 e-cigarettes from students who handed them over hoping to quit. Most don’t make it more than a few weeks.
“The success rate is not very high,” Wimmer said. “They don’t want to do it anymore, but they can’t stop because the nicotine is too high.”
