President Joe Biden announced on Monday that he is commuting the sentences of 37 of the 40 people on federal death row, including two from Illinois. But what exactly does that mean?
The move spares the lives of people convicted in killings, including the slayings of police and military officers, people on federal land and those involved in deadly bank robberies or drug deals, as well as the killings of guards or prisoners in federal facilities.
The move comes just weeks before President-elect Donald Trump, an outspoken proponent of expanding capital punishment, takes office.
Here's what to know:
What does it mean to commute a death sentence?
Commuting the death sentences converts their punishments to life imprisonment.
According to the U.S. Department of Justice, "the President can commute (reduce) a sentence imposed by a federal court or the District of Columbia Superior Court."
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A commutation reduces a sentence that is being served, but does not erase a conviction nor imply innocence, the department states.
Who did Biden commute sentences for?
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At least two people on the list of 37 have ties to Illinois.
Jorge Avila-Torrez, a former Marine from Zion, Illinois, was sentenced to death for the 2009 murder of 20-year-old Navy sailor Amanda Snell at a barracks in northern Virginia. Following his 2010 arrest in that murder, DNA entered into a database also linked Torrez to the 2005 killings of 8-year-old Laura Hobbs and 9-year-old Krystal Tobias in Zion. Laura's father, Jerry Hobbs, was originally charged in that case and spent five years in custody until DNA evidence pointed to Torrez.
Also on the list was Ronald Mikos, a foot doctor facing allegations of Medicare fraud who was sentenced to death in 2005 on charges that he shot a disabled nurse to keep her from testifying against him.
The full list includes:
| Name |
| SHANNON WAYNE AGOFSKY |
| BILLIE JEROME ALLEN |
| AQUILIA MARCIVICCI BARNETTE |
| BRANDON LEON BASHAM |
| ANTHONY GEORGE BATTLE |
| MEIER JASON BROWN |
| CARLOS DAVID CARO |
| WESLEY PAUL COONCE, JR. |
| BRANDON MICHAEL COUNCIL |
| CHRISTOPHER EMORY CRAMER |
| LEN DAVIS |
| JOSEPH EBRON |
| RICKY ALLEN FACKRELL |
| EDWARD LEON FIELDS, JR. |
| CHADRICK EVAN FULKS |
| MARVIN CHARLES GABRION, II |
| EDGAR BALTAZAR GARCIA |
| THOMAS MOROCCO HAGER |
| CHARLES MICHAEL HALL |
| NORRIS G. HOLDER |
| RICHARD ALLEN JACKSON |
| JURIJUS KADAMOVAS |
| DARYL LAWRENCE |
| IOURI MIKHEL |
| RONALD MIKOS |
| JAMES H. ROANE, JR. |
| JULIUS OMAR ROBINSON |
| DAVID ANTHONY RUNYON |
| RICARDO SANCHEZ, JR. |
| THOMAS STEVEN SANDERS |
| KABONI SAVAGE |
| MARK ISAAC SNARR |
| REJON TAYLOR |
| RICHARD TIPTON |
| JORGE AVILA TORREZ |
| DANIEL TROYA |
| ALEJANDRO ENRIQUE RAMIREZ UMAÑA |
Who is still facing execution?
The move means just three federal inmates are still facing execution. They are Dylann Roof, who carried out the 2015 racist slayings of nine Black members of Mother Emanuel AME Church in Charleston, South Carolina; 2013 Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev; and Robert Bowers, who fatally shot 11 congregants at Pittsburgh’s Tree of life Synagogue in 2018, the deadliest antisemitic attack in U.S history.
Are any inmates on death row in Illinois?
Former Illinois Gov. George Ryan commuted the death sentences of all inmates on death row before he left office in 2003. No one has been sentenced to death in Illinois since.
Former Gov. Pat Quinn later signed legislation abolishing the death penalty in the state in 2011.
Why did Biden commute the sentences?
The Biden administration in 2021 announced a moratorium on federal capital punishment to study the protocols used, which suspended executions during Biden's term. But Biden actually had promised to go further on the issue in the past, pledging to end federal executions without the caveats for terrorism and hate-motivated, mass killings.
“I’ve dedicated my career to reducing violent crime and ensuring a fair and effective justice system,” Biden said in a statement. “Today, I am commuting the sentences of 37 of the 40 individuals on federal death row to life sentences without the possibility of parole. These commutations are consistent with the moratorium my administration has imposed on federal executions, in cases other than terrorism and hate-motivated mass murder.”
While running for president in 2020, Biden's campaign website said he would “work to pass legislation to eliminate the death penalty at the federal level, and incentivize states to follow the federal government’s example.”
Similar language didn't appear on Biden's reelection website before he left the presidential race in July.
“Make no mistake: I condemn these murderers, grieve for the victims of their despicable acts, and ache for all the families who have suffered unimaginable and irreparable loss,” Biden's statement said. “But guided by my conscience and my experience as a public defender, chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, vice president, and now president, I am more convinced than ever that we must stop the use of the death penalty at the federal level.”
He took a political jab at Trump, saying, “In good conscience, I cannot stand back and let a new administration resume executions that I halted.”
Trump, who takes office on Jan. 20, has spoken frequently of expanding executions. In a speech announcing his 2024 campaign, Trump called for those “caught selling drugs to receive the death penalty for their heinous acts.” He later promised to execute drug and human smugglers and even praised China's harsher treatment of drug peddlers. During his first term as president, Trump also advocated for the death penalty for drug dealers.
There were 13 federal executions during Trump's first term, more than under any president in modern history, and some may have happened fast enough to have contributed to the spread of the coronavirus at the federal death row facility in Indiana.
Those were the first federal executions since 2003. The final three occurred after Election Day in November 2020 but before Trump left office the following January, the first time federal prisoners were put to death by a lame-duck president since Grover Cleveland in 1889.
Biden faced recent pressure from advocacy groups urging him to act to make it more difficult for Trump to increase the use of capital punishment for federal inmates. The president's announcement also comes less than two weeks after he commuted the sentences of roughly 1,500 people who were released from prison and placed on home confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic, and of 39 others convicted of nonviolent crimes, the largest single-day act of clemency in modern history.
The announcement also followed the post-election pardon that Biden granted his son Hunter on federal gun and tax charges after long saying he would not issue one, sparking an uproar in Washington. The pardon also raised questions about whether he would issue sweeping preemptive pardons for administration officials and other allies who the White House worries could be unjustly targeted by Trump’s second administration.
Speculation that Biden could commute federal death sentences intensified last week after the White House announced he plans to visit Italy on the final foreign trip of his presidency next month. Biden, a practicing Catholic, will meet with Pope Francis, who recently called for prayers for U.S. death row inmates in hopes their sentences will be commuted.
Martin Luther King III, who publicly urged Biden to change the death sentences, said in a statement issued by the White House that the president "has done what no president before him was willing to do: take meaningful and lasting action not just to acknowledge the death penalty’s racist roots but also to remedy its persistent unfairness.”
Donnie Oliverio, a retired Ohio police officer whose partner was killed by one of the men whose death sentence was converted, said the execution of "the person who killed my police partner and best friend would have brought me no peace."
“The president has done what is right here,” Oliverio said in a statement also issued by the White House, “and what is consistent with the faith he and I share.”
